01 June 2007
The Anfal Decision: Breaking New Ground for Women’s Rights in Iraq
The GJC publishes a fact sheet on the Anfal decision.
The Anfal decision was made by the Iraqi High Tribunal (IHT), in prosecuting crimes committed under the Anfal campaign against Iraq’s Kurdish population. The decision is a step in the right direction for women’s rights in Iraq. This fact sheet gives information on the decision, including rape as torture, rape as genocide, joint criminal enterprise and rape, and how the IHT can be a vehicle for legal reform both in Iraq and internationally.
Related Publications
Fact Sheets
31 October 2025
Summary: The Draft Crimes Against Humanity Convention and Reproductive Autonomy
Reproductive autonomy is an individual’s ability to exercise agency over their fertility, including their choice about whether and in what circumstances to reproduce. It is inseparable from human dignity and bodily autonomy, and its violation has profound physical, psychological, social, and economic consequences for affected individuals, families, and communities. Rights related to reproductive autonomy are protected in international and regional human rights instruments.
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Fact Sheets
02 September 2025
Summary: The Draft Crimes Against Humanity Convention and Forced Marriage
The inclusion of forced marriage as a standalone violation in the forthcoming Convention on Crimes Against Humanity is essential for preventing and providing redress for this harm. States should: Add forced marriage as a standalone violation to the list of prohibited acts in Article 2(1) of the draft Crimes Against Humanity Convention.
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Letters
28 August 2025
Letter: Establish an Independent International Accountability Mechanism for Afghanistan
We, the undersigned Afghan and international civil society organisations, write to you, once again, to share our grave concerns regarding the deepening human rights and humanitarian crisis in Afghanistan. We also reiterate the urgent need for the UN Human Rights Council (HRC) to establish an independent international accountability mechanism for Afghanistan (hereafter accountability mechanism) to support accountability for gross and systematic human rights violations and abuses and crimes under international law, including those that were committed in the past and those that continue to be committed across Afghanistan.
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Legal Filings
29 July 2025
Amicus Brief – Celia Ramos v. Peru
In this brief, Global Justice Center respectfully urges the Court to: first, recognize forced sterilization as a specific form of reproductive violence with specific characteristics and harms, and requiring particular remedies; and second, consider the mass, State-sponsored character of the harm that underlies this case, in ordering appropriate reparations.
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Q&As
28 July 2025
Q&A: Documenting Reproductive Violence in Conflict and Crisis
In September 2024, UN Women and Global Justice Center issued a report detailing challenges and offering legal guidance to improve the documentation of reproductive violence in crisis and conflict by UN international investigations. These investigations play a key role in guiding international responses, so omitting documentation of reproductive violence can have devastating ripple effects.
This Q&A draws from the report to provide information on what reproductive violence is, why its documentation in conflict and crisis situations matters, and how this documentation can be done more effectively.
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Letters
25 June 2025
Oral Statement: Interactive Dialogue with the Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls
Violence against women and girls is pervasive, evolving, and requires an all-tools approach by the Council if it is to be ended. Excluding a gender analysis from efforts to addressing violence against women and girls – an established standard in international law – is legally and substantively insufficient. It risks excluding historically marginalised populations from essential protections, including rights to non-discrimination, bodily autonomy and freedom from torture or other ill-treatment. It undermines efforts to address the root causes perpetuating gender-based violence.
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UN/Government Submissions
07 April 2025
Joint Stakeholder Report for the United Nations Universal Periodic Review: Impunity for Past Human Rights Violations and Transitional Justice in Liberia
Widespread and systematic violations of international human rights and humanitarian law characterized Liberia’s two brutal armed conflicts, which took place between 1989 and 2003. Liberian men, women, and children were gunned down in their homes, marketplaces, and places of worship. In a few cases hundreds of civilians were massacred in a matter of hours. Girls and women were subjected to horrific sexual violence3 including gang rape, sexual slavery, and torture. Children were abducted from their homes and schools and pressed into service, often after witnessing the murder of their parents. The violence blighted the lives of tens of thousands of civilians and displaced almost half the population.
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Q&As
14 February 2025
အမေးအဖြေ – နောက်ဆုံးရသတင်း – မြန်မာအရာရှိများအပေါ် ယူနီဗာဆယ် တရားစီရင်ရေးအမှု အာဂျင်တီးနားတရားရုံးမှ လူ (၂၅) ဦးကို ဖမ်းဝရမ်းထုတ်ပြန်ခြင်း
၂၀၂၅ ခုနှစ်၊ ဖေဖော်ဝါရီလ (၁၃) ရက်တွင်၊ အာဂျင်တီးနားတရားသူကြီး Hon. María Romilda Servini de Cubría က ရိုဟင်ဂျာများအပေါ် ဂျန်နိုဆိုက်နှင့် ပြင်းထန်သောလူသတ်မှု၊ လိင်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ အကြမ်းဖက်မှုနှင့် ညှင်းပန်းနှိပ်စက်မှုစသည့် ပြစ်မှုများကျူးလွန်ခဲ့သည်ဟု စွပ်စွဲခံရသည့် စစ်တပ်နှင့် အရပ်သား အရာရှိ (၂၅) ဦးကို ဖမ်းဝရမ်းများ ထုတ်ပြန်ခဲ့သည်။ အဆိုပါ(၂၅)ဦးတွင် တပ်မတော်ကာကွယ်ရေးဦးစီးချုပ်ဗိုလ်ချုပ်မှူးကြီးမင်းအောင်လှိုင်နှင့် ဒုတိယတပ်မတော်ကာကွယ်ရေး ဦးစီးချုပ် ဗိုလ်ချုပ်ကြီး စိုးဝင်းတို့ ပါဝင်သည်။ ဤသည်မှာ ရိုဟင်ဂျာများအပေါ် ကျူးလွန်ခဲ့သော ရာဇဝတ်မှုများအတွက် ယူနီဗာဆယ် တရားစီရင်ပိုင်ခွင့် (universal jurisdiction) အရ တရားစွဲဆိုသည့် အမှုတွင် ပထမဆုံးအကြိမ် အများပြည်သူသိရှိရန် ဖမ်းဝရမ်းများ ထုတ်ခြင်းဖြစ်ပြီး၊ တရားမျှတမှုရှာဖွေရာတွင် ကြီးမားသော ခြေလှမ်းတစ်ရပ်ဖြစ်သည်။ ဤအမှုသည် ၂၀၁၉ ခုနှစ် နိုဝင်ဘာလတွင် ဗြိတိန်ရှိ မြန်မာရိုဟင်ဂျာအဖွဲ့အစည်း (Burmese Rohingya Organisation UK, BROUK) က အာဂျင်တီးနားတွင် တင်သွင်းခဲ့သော စွဲချက်မှ စတင်ခဲ့ခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။ BROUK က ၂၀၁၂ ခုနှစ်မှစတင်၍ ရိုဟင်ဂျာများအပေါ် ကျူးလွန်ခဲ့သည့် ဂျန်နိုဆိုက်နှင့် လူသတ်မှု၊ အတင်းအဓမ္မ ပျောက်ဆုံးစေမှု၊ ညှဉ်းပန်းနှိပ်စက်မှု၊ လိင်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ အကြမ်းဖက်မှုနှင့် ထောင်ချခံရမှုများ အပါအဝင် လူသားမျိုးနွယ်အပေါ် ကျူးလွန်သော ရာဇဝတ်မှုများဖြင့် စွဲချက်တင်ခဲ့သည် (ဤအမှုနှင့်ပတ်သက်သည့် ယခင်မေးခွန်းနှင့်အဖြေကို ဤနေရာတွင် ဖတ်ရှုနိုင်ပါသည်)။ အသက်ရှင်ကျန်ရစ်သူ ရိုဟင်ဂျာများနှင့် ရိုဟင်ဂျာအသိုင်းအဝိုင်းအတွက် တရားမျှတမှုနှင့် တာဝန်ခံမှု ရရှိရန် ဤကြိုးပမ်းမှုမှာ ရိုဟင်ဂျာအသိုင်းအဝိုင်းကိုယ်တိုင်မှ ဦးဆောင်လှုံ့ဆော်ခဲ့ခြင်း ဖြစ်သည့်အတွက် အထူးအရေးပါသည်။
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Q&As
14 February 2025
Update: The Universal Jurisdiction Case Against Myanmar Officials
On 13 February 2025, an Argentine judge, Hon. Marìa Romilda Servini de Cubria, issued arrest warrants for 25 Myanmar military and civilian officials, including Commander-in-Chief Min Aung Hlaing and Deputy Commander- in-Chief Soe Win, for allegedly committing genocide and crimes including aggravated murder, sexual abuse, and torture against the Rohingy. This is the first time that public warrants have been issued in a universal jurisdiction case adjudicating crimes against the Rohingya, representing a significant step towards justice. The case stems from a November 2019 complaint filed in Argentina by Burmese Rohingya Organisation UK (BROUK) alleging genocide and crimes against humanity committed against the Rohingya since 2012, including murder, enforced disappearance, torture, sexual violence, and imprisonment (an earlier Q&A about the case is here). This effort to provide Rohingya survivors and communities with justice and accountability is notable for having been driven and led entirely by the Rohingya community itself.
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